Magazine Articles
The articles below are from the Autumn 2009 Issue of the AILU Magazine
Fibre laser material processing of aerospace composites

Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites have attracted considerable interest from a number of different industrial sectors but primary from the aerospace sector. Aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing and Airbus see the potential benefits of using CFRP composites over metals. Their low density, high strength and high stiffness to weight ratio make them a suitable candidate for many aerospace applications.
To cut CFRP aerospace companies have been investing in water jet or mechanically machining CFRP, however, the laser cutting of CFRP composites has yet to be exploited by the aerospace industry. As well as the cutting of CFRP composites there has been an increased interest in the aerospace industry in adhesive joining technology. A possibly new and novel application for lasers is a micromachining application of micro-texturing, as an alternative to the traditional abrasive disk for roughening the composite surface prior to applying the adhesive.
This investigation has shown potential applications for the new generation of fibre lasers in both a macro-application of laser cutting and a micro-application of laser surface texturing for adhesive bonding of aerospace structures. Surface texturing of composites is a viable replacement to mechanical abrading giving better control over the final structured surface. This ability to machine on a fine scale could give fibre lasers a new role in the aerospace industry, for laser milling of fine structures in CFRP.
Paul French, Mo Naeem, John Clowes and Martin Sharp
Liverpool John Moores University, GSI Group, & Fianium Ltd
IMAGE: 'Tombstone' profile 15 mm x 10 mm, a standard shape used for assessing cut quality.
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Laser treatment for improved impact wear resistance

Wear of components costs industry millions of pounds every year and there any many methods employed to minimise it. Traditional methods often aim to increase the hardness of the surface through heat treatment or through the use of coatings or inserts. A common heat treatment process is induction hardening and this gives a homogenous microstructure with good impact wear resistance, but it can be slow and difficult to tailor the material properties when used to process large and complex components, such as cylinder heads. Using an insert or a coating allows tailored materials so different engine variants can have different properties, such as self lubrication. These processes can be comparatively expensive and increase the complexity by adding components and, or manufacturing processes. An alternative is laser hardening and this paper examines hardening of cast iron, as used in automotive engines.
From the results of the impact testing it appears that having a very hard surface reduces wear and that the melted layer (ledeburite) is more wear resistant than martensite, which is too brittle to fully withstand pure impact. Also the lubricating effect of the graphite flakes does
not come into effect in the case of pure impact wear resistance.
Helen Taylor (Consultant), Tom Slatter and Roger Lewis (University of Sheffield)
IMAGE: Section of wear scar, laser treated at 2mm/s and after 72000 impacts
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